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Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) waxaa laga heli karaa ilo dabiici ah sida fiilooyinka dhirta iyo alwaaxyada.CNF-ku-xoojisay resin-ku-salaysan heerkulbeegyo ayaa leh tiro siyaalo ah, oo ay ku jiraan xoog farsamo oo aad u fiican.Maaddaama sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey ay saameeyaan qadarka fiber-ka ee lagu daray, waxaa muhiim ah in la go'aamiyo xoojinta CNF filler ee matrixka ka dib qaabeynta cirbadeynta ama qaabeynta extrusion.Waxaan xaqiijinay xiriir toosan oo wanaagsan oo ka dhexeeya xoojinta CNF iyo nuugista terahertz.Waxaan ku ogaan karnaa kala duwanaanshaha uruurinta CNF ee 1% dhibcood anagoo adeegsanayna waqtiga terahertz domain spectroscopy.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan qiimeynay sifooyinka farsamada ee CNF nanocomposites iyadoo la adeegsanayo macluumaadka terahertz.
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) waxay caadi ahaan ka hooseeyaan 100 nm dhexroor waxaana laga soo qaatay ilo dabiici ah sida dhirta iyo fiilooyinka alwaax1,2.CNF-yadu waxay leeyihiin xoog farsamo oo sarreeya3, hufnaanta indhaha sare4,5,6, bedka weyn ee dusha sare, iyo kororka fidinta kulaylka hooseeya7,8.Sidaa darteed, waxaa la filayaa in loo isticmaalo sidii qalab waara oo wax qabad sare leh ee codsiyada kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan qalabka elektarooniga ah9, qalabka caafimaadka10 iyo qalabka dhismaha11.Isku-dhafka lagu xoojiyay UNV waa iftiin iyo xoog.Sidaa darteed, isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey ayaa gacan ka geysan kara hagaajinta waxtarka shidaalka ee baabuurta sababtoo ah miisaankooda fudud.
Si loo gaaro waxqabad sare, qaybinta isku midka ah ee CNF-yada ee matries polymer-ka hydrophobic sida polypropylene (PP) waa muhiim.Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira baahi loo qabo baaritaan aan burburin oo isku dhafan oo lagu xoojiyay CNF.Tijaabada aan burburin ee isku-dhafka polymer ayaa la soo sheegay12,13,14,15,16.Intaa waxaa dheer, baaritaanka aan burburin ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey ee ku salaysan raajada kombiyuuterka (CT) ayaa la soo sheegay 17.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way adag tahay in la kala saaro CNF-yada matrixyada sababtoo ah farqiga sawirka hoose.Falanqaynta calaamadaynta fluorescent18 iyo falanqaynta infrared19 waxay bixiyaan muuqaal cad oo CNF-yada iyo qaab-dhismeedka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan heli karnaa oo kaliya macluumaad maqaar ah.Sidaa darteed, hababkani waxay u baahan yihiin jarista (baaritaan burburin) si loo helo macluumaadka gudaha.Sidaa darteed, waxaan bixinaa tijaabo aan burburin oo ku saleysan tignoolajiyada terahertz (THz).Mowjadaha Terahertz waa mowjado koronto-magneteed ah oo leh wareegyo u dhexeeya 0.1 ilaa 10 terahertz.Mowjadaha Terahertz ayaa ah kuwo daah-furan agabka.Gaar ahaan, polymer-ka iyo walxaha alwaaxdu waxay si cad u yihiin hirarka terahertz.Qiimaynta jihaynta dareeraha crystal polymers21 iyo cabbiraadda qallafsanaanta elastomers22,23 iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka terahertz ayaa la soo sheegay.Intaa waxaa dheer, ogaanshaha terahertz ee waxyeelada alwaax ee ay sababaan cayayaanka iyo cudurada fangas ee alwaax ayaa la muujiyay24,25.
Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in la isticmaalo habka baaritaanka aan burburin si loo helo sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada terahertz.Daraasaddan, waxaan ku baaraynaa terahertz spectra of CNF-reinforced composites (CNF/PP) waxaanan muujineynaa isticmaalka macluumaadka terahertz si loo qiyaaso xoojinta CNF.
Maadaama shaybaarada lagu diyaariyey qaabaynta cirbadeynta, waxaa laga yaabaa inay saamayso polarization.On berde.1 wuxuu muujinayaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya polarization of the terahertz mawjada iyo jihada muunada.Si loo xaqiijiyo ku-tiirsanaanta ku-tiirsanaanta CNF-yada, astaamahooda indhaha ayaa la cabbiray iyadoo ku xiran tahay toosan (Jaantus. 1a) iyo polarization siman (Jaantus. 1b).Caadi ahaan, qalabeeyayaasha waxa loo isticmaalaa in si isku mid ah loogu kala firdhiyo CNF-yada shaxanka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta is-barbar-dhigayaasha ku leeyihiin cabbirada THz lama baran.Cabbiraadda gaadiidka way adag tahay haddii nuugista terahertz ee compatibilizer uu sarreeyo.Intaa waxaa dheer, sifooyinka indhaha ee THz (index refractive iyo nuugista coefficient) waxaa saameyn ku yeelan kara xoojinta is-barbardhigga.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira polypropylene homopolymerized iyo xannibaadyada polypropylene ee isku-dhafka CNF.Homo-PP waa uun polypropylene homopolymer oo leh qallafsanaan aad u fiican iyo iska caabin kulaylka.Xannaanada polypropylene, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano saamaynta kopolymer-ka, ayaa iska caabin ka fiican ka leh polypropylene homopolymer.Marka lagu daro PP-da-wada-jirka ah, block PP waxa kale oo uu ka kooban yahay qaybo ka mid ah kopolymer-ka ethylene-propylene, iyo wejiga amorphous ee laga helay kopolymer-ka ayaa door la mid ah ka ciyaaraya caag nuugista naxdinta leh.Muuqaalka terahertz lama barbar dhigin.Sidaa darteed, waxaan marka hore ku qiyaasnay ​​xajmiga THz ee OP, oo ay ku jiraan compatibilizer.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan is barbar dhignay terahertz spectra ee homopolypropylene iyo block polypropylene.
Jaantuska jaantuska cabbiraadda gudbinta ee isku-dhafka la xoojiyay ee CNF.(a) polarization toosan, (b) dabaysha toosan.
Tusaalooyinka block PP ayaa la diyaariyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) sida compatibilizer (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).On berde.2a,b waxay tusinaysaa tusmada refractive THz ee laga helay polarizations toosan iyo toosan, siday u kala horreeyaan.On berde.2c, d waxay tusinaysaa isugaynta nuugista THz ee laga helay kala-baxyada toosan iyo kuwa toosan, siday u kala horreeyaan.Sida ku cad fig.2a-2d, wax farqi weyn ah looma arag inta u dhaxaysa sifooyinka indhaha ee terahertz (index refractive iyo nuugista isku xidhka) ee polarizations toosan iyo toosan.Intaa waxaa dheer, is-qab-qabayaashu waxay saameyn yar ku leeyihiin natiijooyinka nuugista THz.
Astaamaha indhaha ee dhowr PP-yo kala duwan oo leh isu-ururinta is-waafajinta kala duwan: (a) index refractive oo laga helay jihada toosan, (b) index refractive oo laga helay jihada toosan, (c) isugeynta nuugista oo laga helay jihada toosan, iyo (d) isugeynta nuugista oo la helay jihada toosan.
Waxaan ka dib cabbirnay block-PP saafi ah iyo homo-PP saafi ah.On berde.Jaantusyada 3a iyo 3b waxay muujinayaan tusmooyinka refractive THz ee bulk PP saafi ah iyo PP saafi ah oo isku mid ah, oo loo helay kala soocida toosan iyo toosan, siday u kala horreeyaan.Tilmaanta refractive ee block PP iyo homo PP wax yar bay ka duwan tahay.On berde.Jaantusyada 3c iyo 3d waxay muujinayaan isugaynta nuugista THz ee block saafi ah PP iyo homo-PP saafi ah oo loo helay polarizations toosan iyo toosan, siday u kala horreeyaan.Wax farqi ah looma arag inta u dhaxaysa isugaynta nuugista ee block PP iyo homo-PP.
(a) xannibista index index refractive PP, (b) homo PP index refractive, (c) xannibista isku xidhka nuugista PP, (d) isku xidhka nuugista homo PP.
Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan qiimeynay isku-dhafka lagu xoojiyay CNF.Qiyaasta THz ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la xaqiijiyo kala-baxa CNF ee isku-dhafka.Sidaa darteed, waxaan marka hore qiimeynay kala firdhinta CNF ee isku-dhafka iyadoo la adeegsanayo imaging infrared ka hor inta aan la cabbirin qalabka farsamada iyo terahertz.Diyaari qaybo isdhaaf ah oo muunado ah adoo isticmaalaya microtome.Sawirada infrared-ka ayaa lagu helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka sawirka guud ee milicsiga (ATR) (Frontier-Spotlight400, xallinta 8 cm-1, cabbirka pixel 1.56 µm, ururinta 2 jeer/pixel, aagga cabbirka 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Iyada oo ku saleysan habka ay soo jeedisay Wang et al.17,26, pixel kastaa wuxuu soo bandhigayaa qiime la helay iyadoo la qaybinayo aagga 1050 cm-1 ugu sarreeya ee cellulose ee aagga 1380 cm-1 ugu sarreeya ee polypropylene.Jaantuska 4 waxa uu muujinayaa sawiro lagu muujinayo qaybinta CNF ee PP oo laga soo xisaabiyay isku darka nuugista ee CNF iyo PP.Waxaan ogaanay inay jiraan dhowr meelood oo CNF-yada si aad ah la isugu geeyay.Intaa waxaa dheer, isku-dhafka kala duwanaanshaha (CV) waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo filtarrada celceliska leh ee cabbirrada daaqadaha kala duwan.On berde.6 waxay tusinaysaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya celceliska cabbirka shaandhada daaqadda iyo CV.
Qaybinta laba-geesoodka ah ee CNF ee PP, waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-dhafka nuugista isku dhafan ee CNF ilaa PP: (a) Block-PP/1 wt.% CNF, (b) block-PP/5 wt.% CNF, (c) block -PP/10 wt% CNF, (d) block-PP/20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP/1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP/5 wt% CNF, (g) homo -PP /10 wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP/20 wt% CNF (eeg Macluumaadka Dheeraadka ah).
In kasta oo isbarbardhigga u dhexeeya uruurinta kala duwani aanu habboonayn, sida ku cad sawirka 5, waxaanu aragnay in CNF-yada ku jira xannibaadda PP iyo homo-PP ay muujiyeen kala firidh dhow.Dhammaan uruurinta, marka laga reebo 1 wt% CNF, qiyamka CV-gu waxay ka yaraayeen 1.0 oo leh jiirar tartiib tartiib ah.Sidaa darteed, waxaa loo arkaa inay aad u kala firdhisan yihiin.Guud ahaan, qiyamka CV-gu waxay u janjeeraan inay ka sarreeyaan cabbirrada daaqadaha yar yar oo aad u hooseeya.
Xidhiidhka u dhexeeya celceliska cabbirka shaandhada daaqadda iyo isku-dhafka kala firdhisan ee isku-dhafka nuugista isku dhafan: (a) Block-PP/CNF, (b) Homo-PP/CNF.
Qalabka indhaha ee terahertz ee isku-dhafka lagu xoojiyay CNF-yada ayaa la helay.On berde.6 waxay muujinaysaa sifooyinka indhaha ee dhowr isku-dhafan PP/CNF oo leh uruurin CNF kala duwan.Sida ku cad fig.6a iyo 6b, guud ahaan, index refractive terahertz ee block PP iyo homo-PP waxay kordhisaa xoojinta CNF.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way adkeyd in la kala saaro shaybaarada leh 0 iyo 1 wt.% isku dhafka dartiis.Marka lagu daro index refractive, waxaan sidoo kale xaqiijinay in isku-dhafka nuugista terahertz ee bulk PP iyo homo-PP ay kordhiso xoojinta CNF.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan kala saari karnaa inta u dhaxaysa shaybaarrada leh 0 iyo 1 wt.% ee natiijooyinka isugeynta nuugista, iyada oo aan loo eegin jihada polarization.
Tilmaamaha indhaha ee dhowr qaybood oo PP/CNF ah oo leh kala duwanaansho CNF ah: (a) index refractive block-PP/CNF, (b) index refractive ee homo-PP/CNF, (c) nuugista isugeynta block-PP/CNF, ( d) isugeynta nuugista homo-PP/UNV.
Waxaan xaqiijinay xiriirka toosan ee ka dhexeeya nuugista THz iyo xoojinta CNF.Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya xoojinta CNF iyo isugeynta nuugista THz ayaa lagu muujiyey Fig.7.Natiijooyinka xannibaadda-PP iyo homo-PP waxay muujiyeen xiriir toosan oo wanaagsan oo u dhexeeya nuugista THz iyo xoojinta CNF.Sababta toosintan wanaagsan waxaa lagu macnayn karaa sidan soo socota.Dhexroorka faybarka UNV aad ayuu uga yar yahay midka dhererka dhererka terahertz.Sidaa darteed, ma jiraan wax kala firdhisan oo ah hirarka terahertz ee muunadda.Muunada aan kala firdhin, nuugista iyo feejignaanta waxay leeyihiin xidhiidhka soo socda (Sharciga Beer-Lambert)27.
halka A, ε, l, iyo c ay yihiin nuugista, nuugista molar, dhererka dariiqa wax ku oolka ah ee iftiinka iyada oo loo marayo matrix muunada, iyo xoojinta, siday u kala horreeyaan.Haddii ε iyo l ay yihiin kuwo joogto ah, nuugista waxay la mid tahay feejignaanta.
Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya nuugista THz iyo CNF iyo ku habboonaanta tooska ah ee lagu helay habka ugu yar ee labajibbaaran: (a) Block-PP (1 THz), (b) Block-PP (2 THz), (c) Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 THz).Xariiq adag: labajibaarane toosan ayaa ku habboon.
Qalabka farsamada ee isku-dhafka PP / CNF ayaa laga helay uruurin kala duwan oo CNF ah.Xoog-jiidashada, xoogga foorarsiga, iyo moodeelka foorarsiga, tirada muunaduhu waxay ahaayeen 5 (N = 5).Awoodda saamaynta Charpy, cabbirka muunadku waa 10 (N = 10).Qiimayaashani waxay waafaqsan yihiin heerarka tijaabada burburinta (JIS: Heerarka Warshadaha Japan) ee cabbiraadda xoogga farsamada.On berde.Jaantuska 8 wuxuu muujinayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya sifooyinka farsamada iyo xoogga CNF, oo ay ku jiraan qiyamka la qiyaasay, halkaas oo qormooyinka laga soo qaatay qalooca cabbirka 1 THZ ee lagu muujiyay sawirka 8. 7a, p.Curyaaminta waxaa loo qaabeeyey iyadoo lagu saleynayo xiriirka ka dhexeeya uruurinta (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. iyo 20% wt.) iyo sifooyinka farsamada.Dhibcaha kala firdhiso waxa lagu sawiray garaafyada xisaabinta la xisaabiyey iyo guryaha farsamaysan ee 0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.iyo 20% wt.
Qalabka makaanikada ee block-PP (xariiq adag) iyo homo-PP (xariiqda jajaban) oo ah shaqada CNF-fiirsashada, xoojinta CNF ee xannibaadda-PP ee lagu qiyaasey isugeynta nuugista THz ee laga helay polarization toosan (saddex-xagal), CNF-fiirsashada block- PP PP Diiradda CNF waxaa lagu qiyaasaa isugeynta nuugista THz ee laga helay polarization-ka jiifka ah (goobabaha), fiirsashada CNF ee PP ee la xiriirta waxaa lagu qiyaasaa isugeynta nuugista THz ee laga helay polarization toosan (dheeman), CNF diiradda la xiriirta PP waxaa lagu qiyaasaa THz-ka laga helay polarization-ka toosan Qiyaasta isugeynta nuugista (afarjibbaaran): (a) xoogga jilicsanaanta, (b) xoogga dabacsanaanta, (c) modules dabacsanaanta, (d) Awoodda saamaynta soocan.
Guud ahaan, sida ku cad sawirka 8, sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka polypropylene block waxay ka fiican yihiin isku-dhafka polypropylene homopolymer.Awoodda saamaynta ee xannibaadda PP marka loo eego Charpy waxay hoos u dhigtaa korodhka xoojinta CNF.Marka laga hadlayo xannibaadda PP, markii PP iyo CNF-ku jira masterbatch (MB) la isku daray si ay u sameeyaan isku-dhafan, CNF waxay samaysay isku-xidhka silsiladaha PP, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah silsiladaha PP ayaa ku dheggan copolymer-ka.Intaa waxaa dheer, kala firdhiyey waa la xakameeyey.Natiijadu waxay tahay, copolymer-ka saamaynta nuugaysa waxaa xannibay CNF-yada oo aan ku filnayn oo kala firdhiyey, taasoo keentay in iska caabbinta saamaynta hoos u dhacdo.Marka laga hadlayo homopolymer PP, CNF iyo PP si fiican bay u kala firdhiyeen waxaana qaab dhismeedka shabakada CNF loo malaynayaa inay masuul ka tahay barkinta.
Intaa waxaa dheer, qiyamka fiirsashada CNF ee la xisaabiyay ayaa lagu sawiray curyaaminta muujinaya xiriirka ka dhexeeya sifooyinka farsamada iyo xoogga CNF ee dhabta ah.Natiijooyinkan waxaa la ogaaday inay ka madax bannaan yihiin terahertz polarization.Markaa, waxaan si aan burburin u baari karnaa sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey, iyadoon loo eegin polarization terahertz, iyadoo la adeegsanayo cabbirada terahertz.
CNF-ku-xoojisay resin-ku-salaysan heerkulbeegyo ayaa leh tiro siyaalo ah, oo ay ku jiraan xoog farsamo oo aad u fiican.Qalabka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey ayaa saameeya qadarka fiber-ka ee lagu daray.Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in lagu dabaqo habka baaritaanka aan burburin iyadoo la adeegsanayo macluumaadka terahertz si loo helo sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka lagu xoojiyay CNF.Waxaan ogaanay in kobaciyeyaasha sida caadiga ah lagu daro isku-dhafka CNF aysan saameyn ku yeelan cabbirada THz.Waxaan u isticmaali karnaa isugeynta nuugista ee kala duwanaanshaha terahertz ee qiimeynta aan burburin ee sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF-xoojiyey, iyadoon loo eegin polarization ee xadka terahertz.Intaa waxaa dheer, habkan ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa UNV block-PP (UNV/block-PP) iyo UNV homo-PP (UNV/homo-PP) isku dhafan.Daraasaddan, muunado CNF oo isku dhafan oo kala firidhsan ayaa la diyaariyey.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo ku xidhan xaaladaha wax soo saarka, CNF-yada si aad u yar ayaa loo kala firdhi karaa marka la isku daro.Natiijo ahaan, sifooyinka farsamada ee isku-dhafka CNF ayaa xumaaday sababtoo ah kala firidhsanaanta xun.Terahertz imaging28 waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si aan burbursanayn loo helo qaybinta CNF.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, macluumaadka jihada qoto dheer ayaa la soo koobay oo la isku celceliyay.THz tomography24 ee dib u dhiska 3D ee dhismayaasha gudaha ayaa xaqiijin kara qaybinta qoto dheer.Sidaa daraadeed, sawir-qaadista terahertz iyo sawir-gacmeedka terahertz waxay bixiyaan macluumaad faahfaahsan oo aan ku baari karno hoos u dhaca guryaha farsamada ee ay sababtay CNF-la'aanta.Mustaqbalka, waxaan qorsheyneynaa inaan isticmaalno sawir-qaadista terahertz iyo sawir-gacmeedka terahertz ee isku-dhafka la xoojiyay ee CNF.
Nidaamka cabbiraadda THz-TDS wuxuu ku salaysan yahay laser femtosecond (heerkulka qolka 25 °C, qoyaan 20%).Laydhka femtosecond wuxuu u kala qaybsan yahay bamka bamka iyo laydhka baaraha iyadoo la isticmaalayo kala qaybiyaha beam (BR) si loo soo saaro loona ogaado hirarka terahertz, siday u kala horreeyaan.Neefka bamka wuxuu diiradda saarayaa emitter-ka (anteenada sawir-qaadista).Laydhka terahertz ee la soo saaray wuxuu diiradda saarayaa goobta muunada.Dhexda laydhka terahertz ee diiradda saaraya waa qiyaastii 1.5 mm (FWHM).Dhuxul terahertz ayaa markaa soo mara muunada oo waa la isku dhejiyaa.Dhuxul isku duubnaa waxay gaartaa aqbalaha (anteenada sawir qaade).Habka falanqaynta cabbiraadda THz-TDS, goobta korantada ee terahertz ee la helay ee calaamadda tixraaca iyo muunadda calaamadda ee wakhtiga domainka ayaa loo beddelaa goobta korantada ee goobta soo noqnoqoshada adag (sida ay u kala horreeyaan Eref (ω) iyo Esam (ω)), iyada oo loo marayo isbedel degdeg ah Fourier (FFT).Shaqada wareejinta isku dhafan ee T(ω) waxaa lagu muujin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta 29 ee soo socota
halka A ay tahay saamiga baaxadda baaxadda calaamadaha tixraaca iyo tixraaca, iyo φ waa farqiga u dhexeeya calaamadaha tixraaca iyo tixraaca.Kadib index n(ω) iyo isugaynta nuugista α(ω) waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egyada soo socda:
Xogta la sameeyay iyo/ama la falanqeeyay inta lagu guda jiro daraasadda hadda jirta waxaa laga heli karaa qorayaasha kala duwan marka la eego codsi macquul ah.
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